The recent recession helped to hold strong positions for these retail channels. Despite that, modern retail is developing and the share of clothing and footwear specialist retailers gradually expanded over the review period at the expense of open markets, mainly thanks to citizens of large cities. Expansion of such outlets supported by promotional campaigns combined with general cultural westernisation underpins this switch. During the review period, the majority of apparel in Ukraine was imported under various shadow schemes devoted to avoiding taxes. Most often, the value of imported goods was largely underestimated; for example, fashionable apparel was imported as second-hand goods during the process of customs declaration. Usually it was done with the knowledge of corrupt customs officers. Such schemes created a competitive advantage for illegal importers, stimulated corruption and lost the country huge amounts of unpaid taxes. In 2010, the State Customs Administration started changing its approach to unofficial proceedings during clearance, which in the long term should facilitate a more transparently functioning apparel market. However, it is not very likely that illegal import schemes will disappear in the short term. The Ukrainian apparel specialist retailing market is far from saturated, which allows current operators to set high margins and at the same time keep a big share of price-sensitive consumers switching from shopping at the open markets. The main obstacles for new companies to enter the market are administrative barriers, industry's opacity and poor logistics infrastructure. Imperfect legislation is a key factor, too: a great number of controlling bodies, sophisticated accounting paperwork requirements and unpredictable customs are amongst the main hampering factors. Additionally there are not enough modern shopping malls where retailers can open their outlets, a lack that has resulted in higher rental prices in existing ones. The economic recession caused large multinational brands to postpone expansion or entrance to Ukrainian market even more, which gave additional support for current players' development. Bonnie, a Brindle Great Dane, with Sparkle, a Chihuahua mix. The relationship between people and dogs goes back at least 15,000 years, making dogs potentially the first animal to be domesticated. In that time, dogs have played many roles and performed many jobs for their human companions. Dogs come in a startling variety of shapes and sizes, but from the giant and noble Great Dane to the tiny and tenacious Chihuahua, they are all one species with one basic history. In this article, we'll explore where dogs came from and why they look and act the way they do. We'll also learn what recent genetic work has to tell us about our dogs. Talk about how to find the right dog for you. Canids are part of a larger group called Carnivora, which also includes bears, cats and seals. Fossils show us that Canidae split off from the common ancestors of Carnivora about 40 million years ago. From about 15 million years ago, we can subdivide Canidae into three subgroups: fox-like animals, wolf-like animals and South American canids, such as the maned wolf and crab-eating fox.
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